A citation or reference is the information given in a bibliography or a database about a particular title, which often includes:
Citations give credit to those whose ideas have contributed to your research and give your readers enough information to locate the sources you used. There are many ways to format citations. The style you choose depends on your field and the requirements set by your professor or publisher.
Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume, no. Issue (Year of Publication): Page range. DOI or URL.
Ellery, Karen. "Undergraduate Plagiarism: A Pedagogical Perspective." Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 33, no. 5 (2008): 507.
Mozgovoy, Maxin, Tuomo Kakkonen, and Georgina Cosma. "Automatic Student Plagiarism Detection: Future Perspectives." Journal of Educational Computing Research 43, no. 4 (2010): 511-31. https://doi:10.2190/EC.43.4.e.
Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Book. Edition ed. Publisher Name, Year of Publication.
Author Last Name, Author First Name "Title of Chapter/Essay." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's Name, Publisher Name, Year of Publication.
Shields, Charles. Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee. Henry Holt, 2006.
Ormrod, Jeanne Ellis, and Dinah Jackson McGuire. Case Studies: Applying Educational Psychology. 2nd ed. Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall, 2007.
Up to six authors are listed. If there are more than six, only list the first three followed by "et al."
Smith, Paul. "The Diverse Librarian." In An Introduction to Reference Services in Academic Libraries, edited by Elizabeth Connor, University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Each time you refer to an outside source, it should be documented in a footnote or an endnote. Ask your professor which style you should use. The format of the footnote/endnote citation is different than that of the bibliography citation.
In text:
Shields describes the 1950's New York art scene as "tailor-made for socializing." 1
Footnote:
1. Charles Shields, Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee (Henry Holt, 2006), 21.
Note number. Author First Name Author Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Journal Volume, no. Issue (Year of Publication): Page range.
1. Karen Ellery, "Undergraduate Plagiarism: A Pedagogical Perspective," Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 33, no. 5 (2008): 507.
2. Maxin Mozgovoy, Tuomo Kakkonen, and Georgina Cosma, "Automatic Student Plagiarism Detection: Future Perspectives," Journal of Educational Computing Research 43, no. 4 (2010): 511-12, https://doi:10.2190/EC.43.4.e.
Note number. Author First Name Author Last Name, Title of Book, Edition ed. Publisher Name, Year of Publication), Page Range.
Note number. Author First Name Author Last Name, "Title of Chapter/Essay," in Title of Book, ed. Editor's name Publisher Name, Year of Publication).
4. Charles Shields, Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee (Henry Holt, 2006), 21.
5. Jeanne Ellis Ormrod and Dinah Jackson McGuire, Case Studies: Applying Educational Psychology, 2nd ed. (Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall, 2007), 114-15.
For more than two authors, list only the first, followed by "et al."
6. Paul Smith, "The Diverse Librarian," in An Introduction to Reference Services in Academic Libraries, ed. Elizabeth Connor (Haworth Press, 2006), 137.
Chicago Style uses two different systems for citing. This guide focuses on Notes & Bibliography system, commonly used in the humanities. For more information on the Author-Date system used in the sciences, see the Chicago Manual of Style Online.
Even though you use footnotes/endnotes, a bibliography of all the sources cited must appear at the end of the work.
Chicago footnote & bibliography example:
