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Systematic Review Tutorial

Question Frameworks

PICO Question Frameworks (intervention, diagnostic, prevention, and etiology reviews)

Therapy

Etiology

Diagnosis

Prevention

Prognosis

P – Population or Patient or Disease

Characteristics of a population (age, gender, ethnicity, etc) within a specific condition or set of circumstances. Example: Sudanese Refugees

I -Intervention or Exposure

Specific Drug, therapy, or Procedural Intervention

Exposure to certain conditions or risk behavior

Alternative diagnostic tool or procedure

Specific drug or procedural intervention

Specific drug, therapy, or procedural intervention

C – Comparison

Alternative drug, therapy,  or procedural intervention

Absence of certain conditions or risk behavior

Alternative diagnostic tool or procedure

Alternative drug or procedural intervention

Alternative drug, therapy, or procedural intervention

O – Outcome

Management of disease/condition

Development of disease/condition

Effective diagnosis of condition

Prevention of Disease/condition

Occurrence or absence of new condition

T – Time Frame

The time it takes to demonstrate an outcome or the period in which patient are observed. Example:  the six month period following childbirth.

 

PEO Question Framework (for Etiology and Risk reviews)

Population

 Characteristics of a population (age, gender, ethnicity, etc) within a specific condition or set of circumstances. Example: Children
Exposure Medical, Behavioral, Occupational or Environmental factors that affect a population. Example:  Traffic-related Pollution
Outcome The result of said exposure on the population. Example:  ADHD diagnosis

 

 

SPIDER Question Framework (for Qualitative Reviews)

Sample A segment of a population group--allows for researchers to more deeply consider the sampled nature of Qualitative Research. Example:  Single Dads
Phenomena of Interest Certain behaviors, exposures, decisions, or experiences of interest. Example:  Father involvement programs
Design The theoretical framework used to determine what research methods are appropriate. Example:  focus groups
Evaluation What the researchers assess to determine the impact of the phenomena of interest. Example:  child development
Research Type Three types:  qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods Example:  Qualitative & mixed Methods

 

ECLIPSE Question Framework (for Policy and Administration Reviews)

Expectation The purpose of the query Example: Looking to improve rehabilitation times after ACL reconstruction surgery. What have others done?
Client Group Who does the query impact Example:  People with reconstructed ACLs
Location What is the setting of the impact Example:  Physical Therapy Clinics
Impact what is the change in the service, if any, which is being looked for? What would constitute success? How is this being measured? Example:  to reduce the number of PT visits post ACL reconstruction
Professionals what qualified staff or individuals are necessary  Example:  Physical Therapists
Service the kinds of services or programs being assessed Example:  exercises, stretches, cryotherapy

 

CIMO Question Framework (for administration, business, and management)

Context Which individuals, relationships, institutional settings, or wider systems are being studied? Example:  Long-Term care environments
Intervention The effects of what event, action, or activity are being studied? Example:  collective bargaining agreements
Mechanisms What are the mechanisms that explain the relationship between interventions and outcomes? Under what circumstances are these mechanisms activated or not activated? Example:  competitive wage and benefit packages
Outcomes What are the effects of the intervention? How will the outcomes be measured? What are the intended and unintended effects? Example:  decreased turnover in Nursing staff